Climate action continues to be a key priority for the mobile industry. In 2019, the industry set a goal to reach net zero by 2050, becoming one of the first sectors in the world to set such an ambitious target. This report is the fifth annual assessment of the industry's progress towards this goal and provides key recommendations for how mobile network operators, suppliers, and governments can work together to accelerate progress across the sector.
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Mobile Net Zero 2025
State of the Industry on Climate Action
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Chapters in the report
1. Net zero ambition
2. Tracking progress on climate action
3. Emissions from mobile operators
4. Regional Insights
5. Emissions from supply chains & customers
6. Adaptation & resilience
7. Enabling climate action
8. Recommendations to accelerate progress
9. Annex: Methodology
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Executive summary
Back to GSMA
77
members
The GSMA Climate Action Taskforce now covers 80% of mobile connections with 77 members with networks in over 150 countries and territories around the world. This shows the willingness of operators to work together to reach net zero.
in GSMA Climate Action Taskforce
81
operators
with near-term climate targets
Mobile network operators are leaders in proactively committing to voluntary climate targets. 81 operators have set or committed to near-term science-based targets under the Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi), representing nearly half of the industry by connections and two-thirds by revenue. 71 of these targets have been validated by the SBTi. 45 operators have also committed to net zero targets, of which 35 have been validated by SBTi. Half of the validated targets aiming for net zero by 2040 or earlier.
100+
disclosed emissions data
A growing number of operators are publicly disclosing their climate impacts. 78 mobile network operators representing nearly 60% of mobile connections globally disclosed to the CDP in 2024, up from 61 in 2020. In addition, data was gathered from an additional 23 operators’ sustainability reports, bringing the total coverage of disclosures to 101 operators representing 82% of connections.
17
received an A-score
The quality of disclosures from operators continues to exceed other sectors, with 17 operators receiving an A score from CDP in 2024. Mobile operators are exceptionally well-represented in the CDP A List, with 22% of disclosing operators receiving the highest (A) score, compared with less than 2% for all other companies disclosing to CDP.
8%
drop
in operational emissions between 2019 and 2023
Operational emissions fell by 8% between 2019 and 2023, while mobile connections rose 9% and data traffic nearly quadrupled. Over the same period, global CO2 emissions were up 3%, showing that the mobile sector is outperforming many other sectors in reducing emissions thanks to strong progress on energy efficiency and renewable energy.
56%
in Europe
Operational emissions in most regions fell between 2019 and 2023, led by substantial reductions in Europe (56% reduction), North America (44%), and Latin America (36%). Operational emissions in Greater China rose 8% but fell 7% in terms of emissions per connection. Preliminary data for 2024 indicate that emissions in Greater China dropped in 2024 after years of sustained growth, contributing to global reductions of over 4%. Further progress is needed to achieve the sector’s 2030 target.
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Through the GSMA Mobile for Development's climate action work, we've witnessed the transformative potential of technology – from startups building community resilience across Africa and Asia, to mobile industry leaders driving pioneering climate initiatives. This report captures key lessons we've learned, aiming to inspire fresh ideas and drive the next wave of innovation. Akanksha Sharma, Head of ClimateTech and Digital Utilities, GSMA
"
The climate crisis is an existential threat that crosses borders and industries. At this critical juncture, mobile technology stands out as a powerful driver of sustainable development. This report reflects the GSMA’s commitment to harnessing mobile connectivity – and the sector’s expertise and influence – for the benefit of our planet and its people. John Giusti, Chief Regulatory Officer, GSMA and President of the GSMA Foundation, GSMA
Mobile Net Zero: Greater China
Regional Focus on Climate Action 2025
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30
kWh
per connection in 2023
Operators consumed around 290 TWh of electricity in 2023, or around 1% of global electricity use. Electricity use in 2023 was around 12% higher than in 2019, but electricity use per connection at the global level has been flat since 2019, around 30 kWh per connection in 2023. The average mobile connection used around 25 kWh, while the average fixed connection used around 50 kWh. Networks account for over three-quarters of overall electricity use for most operators, primarily from mobile access networks.
AI
energy use growing, but limited impacts on networks
Artificial intelligence (AI) is driving data centre energy demand growth but is expected to have limited impacts on energy use for most network operators. Global data centre energy use rose by 50% between 2019 and 2023, due to growing demand. Near-term data centre energy demand growth is expected to be driven by generative AI workloads in cloud and hyperscale data centres, with limited impact on most mobile operators. AI and machine learning applications could help to improve the energy efficiency of network operations.
54
TWh
renewable electricity purchased in 2023
Renewable energy is already playing a major role in reducing mobile operators’ emissions, accounting for nearly half of reductions between 2022 and 2023. In 2023, operators disclosing to CDP purchased 37% of their electricity from renewables (54 TWh), up from 14% in 2019. Without these renewable energy purchases, operational emissions are estimated to have been 16 million tonnes (32%) higher in 2023. 12 operators matched 100% of their electricity use in 2023 with renewable energy purchases.
70%
of industry’s overall carbon emissions are Scope 3 value chain
Around 70% of the mobile industry’s overall carbon emissions are Scope 3 value chain emissions, highlighting the importance of engaging supply chains and customers. Operators have improved the coverage and quality of Scope 3 disclosures – the most difficult emissions to measure – with around 60% of operators disclosing to CDP reporting on 10 or more Scope 3 categories. Over 80% of Scope 3 emissions came from just four categories: 1) Purchased goods and services; 2) Capital goods; 3) Fuel- and energy-related activities; and 11) Use of sold products.
2/3
of network equipment suppliers have climate targets
Suppliers are also making strong progress on climate, but further action and engagement is needed. An analysis of 70 top suppliers shows that nearly two-thirds of network equipment and customer premises equipment manufacturers and over half of mobile phone manufacturers have set or committed to near-term science-based targets.
80-90%
Refurbished phones have
Increasing the circularity of mobile phones and network equipment is critical to reducing value chain emissions. For example, materials and manufacturing account for around 70–90% of the life cycle emissions of a typical smartphone. This means that longer device lifespans can deliver substantial emission reductions and savings. A survey of 31 leading operators in 2024 show that operators are making progress on circularity, including 50% of operators surveyed having made ‘significant progress’ on circularity of customer premises equipment, with high shares of takeback and refurbished equipment.
lower carbon emissions vs. new phones
$150
bn+
market opportunity for refurbished phones and repair services by 2027
Circular business models are gaining traction in the mobile industry and beyond, and offer many commercial opportunities and benefits, including lower costs, new revenue opportunities and customer loyalty. The growing market for refurbished phones and repair services – projected to exceed $150 billion globally by 2027 – offers new revenue streams for manufacturers and operators.
90%
Longevity and repairability of phones important purchase factors for
The GSMA Global Consumer Survey on Circularity finds that consumers are increasingly interested in more circular products and services. Results from the survey of over 13,000 mobile phone users in 32 countries found that consumers strongly value device longevity, with around 90% of consumers rating durability, longer software and security updates, and easy and low-cost repair as important factors in their next purchase decision. The latest market data shows that average upgrade cycles have slowed to around 3.5 years globally, with new phone sales slowing while refurbished phone sales have grown strongly. Nearly half of consumers surveyed globally were likely to consider refurbished for their next phone, with cost savings cited as the most important benefit of buying refurbished.
of consumers
Climate Transition Plans
Mobile network infrastructure and other critical infrastructures must become more climate resilient to continue operating and supporting our societies. Leading operators are clearly communicating their climate related risks and opportunities and how they are enhancing resilience through Climate Transition Plans. GSMA is working with operators to develop transition planning guidance for telecommunication services.
support the journey to net zero
Biggest opportunities:
Achieving the industry’s net zero goal requires concerted action from operators and suppliers, supported by enabling policies and investment from governments. For operators and suppliers, the biggest opportunities are in energy efficiency, renewable energy, and circularity. Governments should play a key enabling role to support the private sector across these areas by implementing climate, energy, and industrial policies that encourage investment in renewable energy and grids, accelerate energy efficiency, and support circularity across the value chain.
Energy efficiency Renewable energy Circularity
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Net zero ambition
GSMA ClimateTech
Mobile for Development
ClimateTech Horizons Report
Unlocking the power of mobile and digital technology for a more climate resilient future
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The ClimateTech Horizons report
This report provides an in-depth look at the industry's progress on climate action in the Greater China region.
Mobile Net Zero 2024
Climate action is a strategic and business priority for the mobile industry
In 2019, the mobile industry set an ambitious goal to reach net zero by 2050. This report is the fifth annual assessment of the industry’s progress towards this goal.
Mobile Net Zero
In February 2019, the Board of the GSMA made a milestone commitment – to transform the mobile industry to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050. The mobile industry became one of the first sectors in the world to set such an ambitious target. This report is the fifth annual assessment of the industry’s progress towards this goal and provides key recommendations for how mobile network operators, suppliers, and governments can work together to accelerate progress across the sector. rogress towards net zero has been strengthened and accelerated through collaboration between operators across the sector. To provide a forum for this collaboration, the GSMA created a Climate Action Taskforce in 2019. The Taskforce has grown rapidly over the last six years and now has 77 members, representing over 80% of mobile connections and networks in 159 countries and territories around the world.
Mobile network operators are leaders in proactively committing to voluntary climate targets
A growing number of mobile network operators worldwide have committed to rapidly reduce their carbon emissions, taking responsibility for their operational emissions as well as their indirect emissions up and down their value chains. As of April 2025, 81 operators have set or committed to near-term science-based targets, representing 47% of all mobile connections globally and two-thirds of revenue. 19 targets were validated by SBTi since January 2024, bringing the total number of validated targets to 71, representing 44% of all mobile connections. 45 operators have submitted net zero targets to the SBTi, of which 35 have been validated. Since early 2024, 19 targets have been validated, more than doubling the number of validated targets. Half of the validated targets aim for net zero by 2040 or earlier, with the earliest being a 2030 target from TDC NET and 2035 targets from Tele2 and Swisscom. For information explaining how to set science-based targets for mobile network operators, see the GSMA’s step-by-step guide on Setting Climate Targets.
Previous
Operators’ climate targets
TDC NET: Halfway to net zero in 2030
Case study:
1. Net Zero Ambition
For information explaining how to set science-based targets for mobile network operators, see the GSMA’s step-by-step guide to Setting Climate Targets
Operators' climate targets
Company
Near-Term Science-Based Target
Net Zero Target
2degrees
1.5°C
FY2040
America Movil
AT&T
AXIAN Telecom
Axiata
2050
BCE
Bharti Airtel
Bitė
Committed
Bouygues Telecom
BT
CelcomDigi
Chunghwa Telecom
2045
CK Hutchison
Deutsche Telekom
2040
e& (etisalat &)
e& PPF Telecom
Elisa
Far EasTone
2048
Fastweb
Føroya Tele
GO Malta
Globe Telecom
Iliad
JT Group
Well-below 2°C
KDDI
KPN
LG Uplus
Liberty Costa Rica
Liberty Global
M1
Magyar Telekom
MasOrange
Melita
Millicom
MTN
NOS
NTT Docomo
Odido
One New Zealand
Orange
Proximus
Rakuten Mobile
Reliance Jio
Rogers
Safaricom
SFR
FY2050
Singtel
FY2045
SK Telecom
SoftBank
Spark New Zealand
stc (Saudi Telecom Company)
StarHub
Sunrise
Swisscom
2035
T Mobile USA
Taiwan Mobile
TDC NET
2030
Team Telecom Armenia
Tele2
Telecom Liechtenstein
Telefónica
Telekom Austria
Telenet
Telenor
Telia Company
Telkom SA
Telstra
TELUS
TIM (Telecom Italia)
TPG Telecom
True Corporation
Türk Telekom
Turkcell
Verizon
Virgin Media O2
Vodacom
Vodafone
VodafoneZiggo
Zain
This report analyses energy and emissions data from over 100 mobile operators, including a record 78 disclosures to CDP in 2024
The latest data show strong progress in most regions, demonstrating how operators in other markets can take action to reduce emissions.
Public disclosure of climate impacts is vital for transparency and to understand progress towards net zero. 78 mobile network operators representing nearly 60% of mobile connections globally disclosed to the CDP in 2024, up from 61 in 2020. In addition, data was gathered from an additional 23 operators’ sustainability reports, bringing the total coverage of disclosures to 101 operators representing 82% of connections.
Operational emissions in 2023 were around 125 MtCO2e, equivalent to just 0.2% of global GHG emissions
Industry-wide emissions from mobile operators were estimated based on operator data disclosed to CDP and corporate reports covering a combined 82% of global mobile connections. The mobile industry’s operational emissions (Scope 1 + Scope 2 market-based) were an estimated 125 million tonnes (Mt) CO2e in 2023, equivalent to around 0.2% of global GHG emissions. Value chain emissions (Scope 3) were an estimated 290 MtCO2e, or 70% of the total emissions of the industry.
The quality of disclosures from operators continues to exceed other sectors, with 17 operators receiving an A score from CDP in 2024
Mobile operators are exceptionally well-represented in the CDP A List, with 22% of disclosing operators receiving the highest (A) score, compared with less than 2% for all other companies disclosing to CDP.
6. Adaptation and resilience
9. Annex
Operational emissions fell by 8% between 2019 and 2023, while mobile connections rose 9% and data traffic nearly quadrupled
Despite strong growth in demand for data and connectivity, operational emissions of the industry have fallen steadily since 2019, thanks to progress on energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Combined Scope 1 and 2 (market-based) emissions for operators fell by 8% between 2019 and 2023, while the number of mobile connections globally rose 8.5% and mobile data traffic quadrupled. This means that the operational emissions per mobile connection fell by 17% between 2019 and 2023, while emissions per unit revenue fell almost 20%. Over the same period, global energy-related CO2 emissions rose 2.8%, while global electricity-related emissions rose 8.5%.
Operational emissions in most regions fell between 2019 and 2023, led by a 56% reduction in Europe
Operational emissions in most regions fell between 2019 and 2023, with the highest percentage reduction in Europe (56%). Emissions from North American operators fell by 44%, while operators in Latin America reduced emissions by 36%. Operational emissions in Greater China rose 8% between 2019 and 2023 but are estimated to have fallen nearly 4% in 2024 based on preliminary data. This drop – after years of sustained growth in the region – could drive an important step change in emission reductions at the global level. Preliminary data shows global operator emissions fell by over 4% in 2024, nearly double the average rate between 2019 and 2023. Reductions need to accelerate further to meet the 7.5% average reduction required to meet 2030 target.
Operators consumed around 290 TWh of electricity in 2023, or around 1% of global electricity use
Most operational emissions globally came from generated and purchased electricity. Operators consumed around 290 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2023, or around 1% of global electricity use. This includes electricity used to power mobile and fixed networks, data centres, offices, stores, electric fleet vehicles, and other operations. The average connection in 2023 consumed around 30 kilowatt-hours [kWh], with an average mobile connection consuming around 25 kWh and an average fixed connection consuming around 50 kWh. For most mobile operators – except for those with large data centre businesses, mostly in Asia – networks accounted for over three-quarters of electricity use, mostly from mobile networks.
Many operators have made strong progress on energy efficiency, reducing costs and emissions
Energy efficiency is a top priority for mobile network operators. Energy accounts for an important share of operational costs, and volatile fossil fuel prices have increased the urgency of maximising energy efficiency. Operators are measuring and disclosing a range of energy intensity metrics, such as energy per unit data (MWh/PB), energy per unit revenue, and energy per connection. Data from 19 operators show that the energy intensity of data transmission fell by an average of 10-30% per year between 2019 and 2023. There are both upward and downward drivers of network energy use over the near-term. Despite the higher energy efficiency of 5G per unit of data transmitted, the greater densification of towers and increase in antenna elements means there is expected to be an increase in electricity consumption of mobile networks over the near-term. Growth in fixed wireless access connections could also increase energy use. These increases can be mitigated by the retirement of older, less energy efficient 2G and 3G networks, by the switch from copper to fibre for fixed networks, and through deployment of energy efficiency features of 5G such as AI-optimised sleep modes.
AI is driving data centre energy demand growth but is expected to have limited impacts on energy use for most network operators
Global data centre electricity use rose by 50% between 2019 and 2023, due to growing demand for data centre services, including artificial intelligence (AI). Over the same period, electricity use of telecommunication networks rose by less than 15%. AI is expected to be a primary driver of energy demand growth in cloud and hyperscale data centres, but its impacts on energy use for most network operators is expected to be limited, except for those with major data centre operations. Mobile operators with significant data centre operations are primarily located in Asia. One of the most important implications of AI for networks is that use of AI and machine learning could help increase energy efficiency of network operations, including by anticipating data demand to turn off parts of the network. AI could also help enable mobile sites to participate in demand response programmes to help grid operations.
Renewable energy is already playing a major role in reducing mobile operators’ emissions, accounting for nearly half of reductions between 2022 and 2023
In 2023, operators disclosing to CDP purchased 37% of their electricity from renewables (54 TWh), up from 14% in 2019. Without these renewable energy purchases, operational carbon emissions are estimated to have been 16 million tonnes (32%) higher in 2023. 12 operators matched 100% of their electricity use in 2023 with renewable energy purchases. Based on the data disclosed by RE100 members, a growing share of renewable electricity was purchased through power purchase agreements (PPAs), up four percentage points to 28%, showing the increased impact of purchases on renewable energy additions.
Telefónica – Autonomous network journey programme
BT Group – Driving down emissions with electric vehicles
Liberty Global – Designing innovative and sustainable data centres for the future
Safaricom – Improving energy efficiency in data centres
Huawei – 0 Bit 0 Watt 0 Loss: Green solutions to enable optimal experience and energy efficiency
Ericsson – AI solutions for improved 5G energy efficiency
China Telecom – Energy saving in data centres
América Móvil – Low carbon energy consumption at Claro Argentina
Globe Telecom – Powering a sustainable future with renewable energy
Asia Pacific
4. Regional insights
Some regions have achieved rapid reductions since 2019, but further progress across all regions is needed for the sector to reach its near-term and net zero goals.
Operators in the region have made strong progress on disclosure and setting targets. Nearly two-thirds of operators (by connections) disclosed to CDP in 2024, while 54% have validated near-term SBTs and 20% have validated net zero climate targets. Operational emissions per connection fell 9% between 2019 and 2023, while electricity use per connection was unchanged. Operators in Japan collectively reduced their emissions by over 40%. However, other parts of the region saw large increases driven in part by rapid growth in 5G and connectivity. Operators and suppliers in the region face challenges in accessing renewable energy. More ambitious climate and energy policy, changes to electricity markets and regulations to increase investment in clean energy. Given the importance of the region in mobile industry supply chains, decarbonising the region will also help to reduce Scope 3 emissions for operators around the world.
Europe
Greater China
Latin America
Middle East & North Africa
North America
Sub-Saharan Africa
Operators in Europe are leading the way on climate ambition and action. Over 80% of mobile connections in the region are covered by validated near-term science-based targets, and over 60% by validated net zero targets. Operational emissions per connection fell by nearly 60% between 2019 and 2023, with several operators achieving reductions of over 80%. Operators disclosing to CDP purchased 21 TWh of renewable electricity, or nearly 40% of the global total. This means that around three-quarters of electricity came from purchased renewables, the highest share of any region. Operators are encouraged to further increase their impact by opting for power purchase agreements over green tariffs and certificates where available, and consider moving towards matching their renewable energy purchases to account for both time and location. Given the strong progress on operational emissions, operators should increasingly shift their attention to engaging supply chains to reduce their Scope 3 emissions.
Nearly all connections in the Greater China region were represented by public disclosures of energy and environmental data. Operators are encouraged to disclose to CDP. Surging demand for connectivity and data has led to increased electricity demand. Electricity use increased by almost 30% between 2019 and 2023, but strong reductions in Scope 1 emissions and higher renewable energy purchases helped to moderate growth in operational emissions. Preliminary data show that operational emissions fell for the first time in 2024. Given the presence of many mobile industry supply chains in Greater China, decarbonising the electricity mix in the region will also help reduce emissions from raw materials and manufacturing.
For an in-depth analysis of the Greater China region, please refer to
Mobile operators in Latin America are leaders in disclosure and setting climate targets. More than 80% of operators (by connections) in Latin America have validated near-term science-based targets. Operators in the region have also made major strides in reducing emissions over the past few years, reducing operational emissions per connection by 46%. The region is also a leader in renewable energy. Operators disclosing to CDP purchased over 5 TWh of renewables, or over 40% of their overall electricity use Algar Telecom, Telefónica (Brazil, Chile, and Peru), and TIM Brazil have achieved 100% renewable electricity. Operational emissions per connection in Latin America are among the lowest in the world, due to the relatively high share of renewables on the grid. Further policy support is needed across all countries in the region to increase access to renewable energy.
Operators in Middle East and North Africa have made strong progress on climate action. Nearly half of operators (by connections) in the MENA region disclosed to CDP in 2024, while 42% have validated near-term science-based targets. Operational emissions per connection fell by a quarter, while electricity use per connection fell 7%. Renewable energy purchases increased strongly between 2019 and 2023, rising from less than 1% of electricity use to 22% for operators disclosing to CDP. The region holds significant potential to scale-up on-site solar generation. Scope 1 emissions account for a relatively high share (20%) of operational emissions compared with most other regions, partly as a result of a reliance on on-site diesel generators. With excellent solar resources across the region, operators are encouraged to install on-site solar and batteries to reduce Scope 1 emissions.
Operators in North America are leaders on climate action. Nearly all North American operators disclose to CDP and have committed to climate targets. Operational emissions per connection falling by half between 2019 and 2023, thanks to strong progress on energy efficiency and renewable energy. Mobile operators collectively purchased 16 TWh of renewable electricity in 2023, or nearly half of their total electricity use. T-Mobile US matched 100% of their electricity use with renewable energy. One area for further progress is fleet electrification. Vehicle fleets account for a relatively high share of operational emissions compared with other regions, highlighting the significant potential emission and fuel savings from switching to electric vehicles.
Operators in Sub-Saharan Africa have made strong strides in climate disclosure, target-setting, and emission reductions over the past few years. Operational emissions per connection fell by nearly 40% between 2019 and 2023, led by substantial reductions from Safaricom and MTN. One of the biggest challenges in the region is access to reliable and clean electricity, resulting in a heavy reliance on costly and emissions-intensive diesel generators. The lack of reliable grids has resulted in Scope 1 emissions – primarily from diesel generators – to increase by over 60% between 2019 and 2023. Policymakers in the region should implement policies and regulations that encourage private sector investment in renewable energy and grid infrastructure. Additional recommendations are highlighted in the GSMA report on Energy Challenges for Mobile Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Mobile Net Zero: Greater China – Regional Focus on Climate Action 2025
Operators have improved the coverage and quality of Scope 3 disclosures
Scope 3 emissions account for 70% of the industry’s overall footprint. Further engagement with suppliers is critical to improve measurement and reduce emissions.
Operators have improved the coverage and quality of Scope 3 disclosures – the most difficult emissions to measure – with around 60% of operators disclosing to CDP reporting on 10 or more Scope 3 categories. Over 80% of Scope 3 emissions came from just four categories: 1) Purchased goods and services; 2) Capital goods; 3) Fuel- and energy-related activities; and 11) Use of sold products. Varying business models, country contexts, and accounting approaches result in significant differences in Scope 3 emissions across operators. To help align methodologies and advise on data sources, the new GSMA Scope 3 Guidance for Telecommunication Operators was launched in 2023 and has already been used by many operators. A survey of 39 operators in September 2024 showed that 85% of operators surveyed had used the guidance.
Suppliers are also making strong progress, but further action is needed to help operators reduce their Scope 3 emissions and reach their climate targets
For most operators, over half of their Scope 3 emissions come from category 1 (purchased goods and services) and 2 (capital goods). Most of these emissions come from a select group of common suppliers across the industry. An analysis of 70 top suppliers shows that nearly two-thirds of network equipment and customer premises equipment manufacturers and over half of mobile phone manufacturers have set or committed to near-term science-based targets.
Increasing the circularity of mobile phones and network equipment is critical to reducing value chain emissions
Circularity is a critical lever to reduce upstream Scope 3 emissions for both operators and manufacturers. For example, materials and manufacturing account for around 70-90% of the life cycle emissions of a typical smartphone. This means that longer device lifespans can deliver substantial emission reductions and savings. The GSMA has developed new guidance and calculator tools on Quantifying the Carbon Savings of Circularity to help operators align on methods and approaches to calculate the carbon savings of repair and refurbishment.
Circular business models are gaining traction in the mobile industry and beyond, and offer many commercial opportunities and benefits
Results from a GSMA survey of 31 leading operators in 2024 show that operators are making progress on circularity, including 50% of operators surveyed having made ‘significant progress’ on circularity of customer premises equipment. More than 90% of mobile network operators surveyed had at least one circular business model for mobile phones, with the most common being refurbished products. Consumer trends and regulation are helping to strengthen the business case for circularity for mobile phones. The growing market for refurbished devices and repair services – projected to exceed $150 billion globally by 2027 – offers new revenue streams for manufacturers and operators. Other benefits include increased customer satisfaction and loyalty, improved brand image, and enhancing supply chain resilience.
The GSMA Global Consumer Survey on Circularity finds that consumers are increasingly interested in more circular products and services
Results from the survey of over 13,000 mobile phone users in 32 countries found that consumers strongly value device longevity, with around 90% of consumers rating durability, longer software and security updates, and easy and low-cost repair as important factors in their next purchase decision. The latest market data shows that average upgrade cycles have slowed to around 3.5 years globally, with new phone sales slowing in recent years. New smartphone sales fell 15% between 2021 and 2023, while used and refurbished phone sales rose 15%. Nearly half of consumers surveyed globally were likely to consider refurbished for their next phone, with cost savings cited as the most important benefit.
There are around 10 billion dormant phones sitting idle worldwide that could be recovered for reuse or recycling
Many phones are seeing a second or third life, with more than 30% of consumers surveyed by the GSMA giving their old phones to a family member or friend, and nearly 20% trading in or selling their used devices. But nearly a third of consumers surveyed globally kept their previous phone as a backup after replacing it. Three-quarters of consumers surveyed reported having at least one old handset sitting unused at home, while 20% had at least three phones at home. Based on these figures, there are likely around 10 billion dormant phones sitting idle worldwide. These phones contain valuable minerals, including 100,000 tonnes of copper, seven million ounces of gold, and one million ounces of palladium – collectively worth around $20 billion based on current market prices.
Safaricom – Promoting mobile devices and network circularity
Vodacom – ‘Good as New’ devices program: raising awareness in Africa
Telia – “Leia uus kasutus” - Find a New Use
Virgin Media O2 – Tackling supply chain emissions
Singtel – Leveraging internal carbon pricing to empower decarbonisation
Ericsson – Engaging suppliers to set targets and improve accuracy
Cisco – Sustainability Data Foundation: A foundation for gathering Scope 3 data
ZTE – Increasing clean energy in manufacturing and products
ZTE – Collaborating with suppliers to reduce value chain emissions
Helios Towers – Solar rollout in Ghana
e& – Working with tower companies and partners to reduce dependency on diesel generators
16 leading operators have committed to industry targets on takeback and zero waste
In June 2023 the GSMA announced that leading operators had committed to two new targets to reduce the environmental impact of mobile phones by boosting their circularity through reuse, repair, and recycling: By 2030, the number of used mobile devices collected through operator take-back schemes amount to at least 20% of the number of new mobile devices distributed directly to customers. By 2030, 100% of used mobile devices collected through operator take-back schemes will be repaired, reused or transferred to controlled recycling organisations. As of June 2025, 16 operators have signed up to the circularity targets, representing over a billion connections. The GSMA invites all mobile network operators to consider aligning to these targets to help expand the industry’s efforts to move towards a more circular economy. For more information, please contact betterfuture@gsma.com.
Suppliers’ climate targets
Mobile network infrastructure must become more climate resilient
Mobile network infrastructure and other critical infrastructures must become more climate resilient to continue operating and supporting our societies in a changing climate.
The mobile industry and all other sectors must reduce emissions rapidly to net zero by 2050 to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. But as all countries are experiencing, the impacts of climate change are already here, and getting worse. This means that we must reduce emissions while also preparing and adapting to a changing climate.
Leading operators are clearly communicating their climate related risks and opportunities and how they are enhancing resilience through Climate Transition Plans
Climate Transition Plans (CTPs) are essential for organisations to implement their net zero targets. They offer a clear blueprint for strategic delivery and coordinated action across a company. This ensures that senior leaders and teams in all business functions are synchronised in their effort to meet climate targets. Climate Transition Plans also provide valuable information to customers, policymakers and investors who are interested in understanding how services, critical infrastructure and investments will adapt as the economy transitions to net zero. Importantly, this can also arm investors with the information they need to finance the transition. Aligned with guidance from the Transition Planning Taskforce, several mobile operators have published a standalone transition plan, including leading operators like Vodafone and Telefonica. Based on disclosures to CDP in 2024, around one-quarter of operators disclosing to CDP met four minimum criteria that can be used to determine the credibility of a climate transition plan. The GSMA is developing sub-sector transition planning guidance for Telecommunications services. It will provide a complementary telco-specific interpretation of the Transition Planning Taskforce Disclosure Framework, to harmonise mobile operators on their approach to transition planning.
Nokia – Net zero transition plan
e& – Climate plan to 2030
Vodafone – Climate Transition Plan
5. Emissions from supply chains and customers
Mobile and digital technologies can enhance our resilience to growing climate impacts
Digital technologies and services can help reduce emissions from all sectors and make our systems and infrastructure more climate resilient.
Mobile and digital technologies hold enormous potential to help people and businesses become more climate resilient – helping us better anticipate and prepare for natural disasters, limit damage during disasters, and accelerate response and recovery. For example, in the event of a disaster, mobile text alerts can help communicate emergency information to populations quickly and effectively. In 2022, the UN Secretary General launched the Early Warnings for All (EW4All) Initiative with an ambition that everyone in the world be protected by an early warning system. The GSMA is playing a leading role in the initiative by profiling industry leadership, hosting multi-stakeholder convenings, providing technical assistance to members, and publishing demand-driven research. GSMA research includes a publication on the use of cell broadcast technology for early warning systems and guidance on how to make risk alerts inclusive for all. All operators are encouraged to join the pledge to leverage and promote the lifesaving power of mobile networks.
Digital technologies are a critical enabler of emission reductions across other sectors and services
Digital technologies, including mobile connectivity, are key enablers of climate action. Several reports, including the GSMA’s Enablement Effect 2019 and 2021, have shown how smart and connected technologies can help reduce emissions across the economy, including in services, transportation, manufacturing, and energy. One of the biggest enablement opportunities lies in electricity systems, which account for nearly a third of global GHG emissions. Smart energy systems enabled by connectivity and AI can help balance electricity demand and clean electricity supply to increase the use of variable renewables. The ITU Recommendation L.1480 provides a methodology for assessing the net GHG emission impacts of using digital solutions, including how to account for second order and higher-order effects such as rebound effects. The guidance aims to improve the consistency, transparency and comprehensiveness of assessments of how the use of digital solutions impacts GHG emissions over time.
Tele2 – Avoided emissions through digital solutions
HKT – Supporting cross-sector innovation and promoting environmental responsibility
China Unicom – Low-Carbon Life: Enabling individuals and advocating for a green lifestyle
6. Adaptation and reselience
Achieving the industry’s goal of net zero emissions by 2050 while enhancing resilience to climate impacts requires strong and concerted action from operators and suppliers, supported by enabling policies and investment from governments.
Moving the whole mobile industry to net zero emissions by 2050 requires concerted effort and action by all stakeholders. Over the past year, the GSMA has worked with operators to support this journey with the immediate focus being on the rapid cuts needed by 2030. The following table outlines key recommended actions to enhance resilience and accelerate the industry’s progress towards net zero.
Area of action
Operators
Suppliers
Governments and Policymakers
Climate targets and strategy
Set science-based and net zero targets aligned with a 1.5°C pathway Develop a climate transition plan that clearly outlines the ambitions, actions and accountability needed to meet climate targets, supporting a whole organisation transformation
Prioritise a just transition to economy-wide net zero emissions by 2050 at the latest, including strengthening countries’ nationally-determined contributions and 2030 targets in line with a 1.5°C trajectory Implement and enhance national climate, energy, and industrial policies to enable the achievement of these targets Support the private sector in their decarbonisation efforts, including through policies and incentives to reward companies’ low-emissions strategies
Climate disclosure
Assess and publicly disclose energy and emissions data and climate risks and opportunities, for example through CDP Harmonise measurement approaches and data reporting with other operators in the country/region
Assess and disclose carbon emissions and climate risks and opportunities through CDP
Consult with operators to harmonise and simplify reporting of key energy and emission indicators
Energy efficiency and electrification
Optimise energy use of networks by adopting energy efficient hardware and best practices and retiring legacy networks Reduce fossil fuel use in fleets and diesel generators
Develop more energy efficient equipment, devices and systems
Support innovation for the development and deployment of more efficient technologies Support the retirement of 2G/3G and copper-based legacy networks in consultation with industry Expand grid infrastructure in off-grid and bad-grid areas in low- and middle-income countries to reduce reliance on diesel generators
Renewable energy
Purchase and use renewable energy Assess and invest in on-site renewables and/or battery storage to reduce operating costs and emissions while increasing resilience
Purchase and use renewable energy
Ensure electricity markets and regulations encourage renewables and actively engage in dialogue with private sector where there is a lack of access for the private sector Facilitate electricity market designs that incentivise load shifting to support grid operations and increased renewable energy integration
Circularity
Engage suppliers on climate action and integrate climate requirements into procurement Develop circular economy initiatives for network equipment, mobile phones, and customer premises equipment
Incorporate eco-design and circularity principles in devices and equipment, including longer software and security support Engage supply chains on climate action, including encouraging suppliers to use renewable energy and recycled materials Develop circular economy initiatives for network equipment, mobile phones, and customer premises equipment
Implement laws and regulations that ensure used mobile phones can be recovered and recycled responsibly
Adaptation and resilience
Integrate climate risk assessment into network planning, investment, and technology deployment decisions
Design equipment for greater operational resilience in a wider range of future operating conditions
Facilitate cross-sector collaboration to address interdependencies during climate-related disasters Work with operators to finance and develop Early Warning Systems Support operators in responding to climate disasters
Enabling climate action
Deploy and commercialise digital solutions that enable climate action across all sectors
Deploy and support digital solutions that enable climate action across all sectors
Recognise the enablement effect of the digital transformation and foster innovation and investment in green digital technologies and solutions
Data sources
This analysis relies primarily on data from 78 mobile network operators disclosed to the CDP Climate Change 2024 Questionnaire. These operators represent 57% of mobile connections globally. For operators not disclosing to the CDP in the 2024 cycle, we gathered key emissions and energy data from corporate reports (e.g. integrated annual reports, sustainability reports), if available. Data from 23 operators was collected via public reports, covering 25% of global mobile connections. We conducted data quality checks to flag potential anomalies in the data (e.g. unit errors), including checking year-over-year-changes in emissions and energy use, intensity metrics (e.g. emissions and electricity use per connection, Scope 2 emissions per unit electricity consumed) and comparing any outliers with publicly reported data.
Modelling approach
Scope 1 and 2 emissions and energy data for non-disclosing operators were extrapolated at a country or regional level based on the reported data from other operators in each country or region (e.g. average Scope 1 emissions per mobile connection). Scope 3 emissions for non-disclosing operators were extrapolated using average emissions per connection of operators disclosing all four key categories (1, 2, 3, 11) in each region. This report updates historical (2019 and 2022) estimates presented in Mobile Net Zero 2024 to ensure comparability, increase data coverage from corporate reports and updating the extrapolation approach.
Download previous reports
2024
Suppliers' climate targets
Supplier type
Alphabet
Cloud and IT; Phones
Amdocs
Cloud and IT
American Tower
TowerCo
Apple
Phones
Arcadyan Technology
Network and CPE
Arista Networks
Cellnex Telecom
Ciena
Cisco
CommScope
Equinix
Ericsson
Fairphone
FiberHome
Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)
HMD
HTC
Humax
Indus Towers
Inwit
Juniper Networks
Lenovo
Mediatek
Microsoft
Nokia
OPPO
Prysmian
Rosenberger
Sagemcom
SAP
SBA Communications
Semtech Corporation
Sercomm Communications
Sony
Summit Digitel
TP-Link
World Wide Technology
Vantiva
ZTE
Network and CPE; Phones
Climate targets of mobile operators in Greater China (as of April 2025)
Climate targets
Other targets
China Mobile
By 2025, the total Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions will be controlled within 46.5 million tons. By 2025, the decline in greenhouse gas emissions per unit of total telecommunications services shall be no less than 20% compared to 2020.
By 2025, the Company aims to achieve a cumulative electricity saving of over 40 billion kWh By 2025, the decrease in comprehensive energy consumption per unit of total telecommunication services shall be no less than 20% compared to 2020 By 2025, the annual average design PUE of newly-built and mega data centers nationwide will be controlled to below 1.3
China Telecom
During the 14th Five-year Plan period, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 27 million tons
-
China Unicom
By 2025, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of information flow will decrease by 20% as compared with the end of the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, and the total comprehensive energy consumption per unit of telecommunications business will decrease by 15% as compared with the end of the “13th Five-Year Plan” period.
The comprehensive energy consumption per unit of information flow decreased to 2.3 kg of standard coal/TB, representing a decrease of 17.9% as compared with the end of the “13th Five-Year Plan” period.
Near-term SBT: 1.5°C (validated) Net zero: 2045 (validated)
RE100 target: 2040
Near-term SBT: 1.5°C (validated) Net zero: Committed
Near-term SBT: 1.5°C (validated) Net zero: 2048 (validated)
HKT
By 2025, reduce Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 34% from 2018 levels
By 2025, reduce absolute electricity consumption by 13.2% from 2018 levels
Near-term SBT: 1.5°C (validated) Net zero: 2050 (validated)
Source: GSMA analysis of SBTi and corporate sustainability reports.
大中华区移动运营商的气候目标（截至 2025 年 4 月）
公司
气候目标
其他目标
中国移动
到 2025 年，将范围 1 和范围 2 温室气体排放总量控制在 4650 万吨以内。 到 2025 年，单位电信业务总量的温室气体排放量较 2020 年至少降低 20%。
到 2025 年，公司累计节电量超过 400 亿千瓦时 到 2025 年，单位电信业务总量的综合能耗较 2020 年至少降低 20% 到 2025 年，将全国范围内新建及大型数据中心的年平均设计电源使用效率 (PUE) 控制在 1.3 以下
中国电信
在“十四五规划”期间，将温室气体排放量至少减少 2700 万吨
中国联通
到 2025 年，单位信息流量的综合能耗较“十三五规划”末期下降 20%，单位电信业务的总体综合能耗较“十三五规划”末期下降 15%。
单位信息流量的综合能耗降至 2.3 千克标准煤/TB，相较于“十三五规划”末期下降 17.9%。
中华电信
近期科学碳目标：1.5°C（已获认证） 净零排放目标：2045 年（已获认证）
RE100 目标：2040 年
长江和记
近期科学碳目标：1.5°C（已获认证） 净零排放目标：已承诺
远传电信
近期科学碳目标：1.5°C（已获认证） 净零排放目标：2048 年（已获认证）
香港电讯
到 2025 年，将范围 1 和范围 2 排放量较 2018 年水平降低 34%
到 2025 年，将绝对用电量较 2018 年水平降低 13.2%
台湾大哥大
近期科学碳目标：1.5°C（已获认证） 净零排放目标：2050 年（已获认证）
资料来源：GSMA 基于科学碳目标倡议 (SBTi) 和企业可持续发展报告做出的分析。
Climate targets of select suppliers headquartered in Greater China (as of April 2025)
Type of supplier
Network equipment manufacturer
100% renewable energy use in production electricity by 2030
Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies
Near-term SBT: Committed
Device manufacturer
HONOR
Achieve carbon neutrality in own operation by 2045 Reduce carbon emissions by 36% by 2035 compared to 2022 Reduce carbon emissions by 88% by 2045 compared to 2022
Use 100% renewable energy by 2045
Huawei Technologies
By 2025, GHG emissions (Scope 1 and Scope 2) per CNY million of sales revenue 16% lower than 2019 levels
Top 100 suppliers (by procurement spending) with carbon emissions reduction targets by 2025
Lenovo Group
Near-term SBT: 1.5°C (validated) Net zero: FY2049/2050 (validated) Reduce Scope 3 GHG emissions (value chain) from use of sold products ~35% on average for comparable product by FY 2029/30 from a FY 2018/19 base year
By FY 2025/26, 90% of global operations' electricity will be obtained from renewable sources Mobile Business Group (MBG) products: Improve energy efficiency on average for comparable MBG products by 30% by March 31, 2030, relative to FY 2020/21.
MediaTek
Near-term SBT: Committed Net zero: Committed
By 2030, all MediaTek offices will use 100% renewable energy
Near-term SBT: Committed Carbon neutrality across global operations by 2050
Sercomm
Near-term SBT: 1.5°C (validated)
Xiaomi
By no later than 2030, reduce GHG emissions to 30% of 2021 levels for main operating segments (Smartphone, IoT and Lifestyle products, Internet Services, and others) By 2040, achieve carbon neutrality in our operations of existing business segments (Smartphone, IoT and Lifestyle products, Internet Services, and others)
By 2035, use 100% renewable electricity in own operations By 2040, use 100% clean heat in own operations and use 100% renewable energy
Network equipment and device manufacturer
Note: Analysis based on publicly available information as of April 2025. Source: GSMA analysis based on SBTi, corporate sustainability reports, and company websites.
总部位于大中华区的部分供应商的气候目标（截至 2025 年 4 月）
供应商类型
智易科技
网络设备制造商
到 2030 年，实现生产用电 100% 使用可再生能源
烽火通信科技
近期科学碳目标：已承诺
宏达电
设备制造商
荣耀
到 2045 年，实现自有运营碳中和 到 2035 年，将碳排放量较 2022 年减少 36% 到 2045 年，将碳排放量较 2022 年减少 88%
到 2045 年，实现 100% 使用可再生能源
华为
到 2025 年，将每百万元人民币销售收入的温室气体排放量（范围 1 和范围 2）较 2019 年水平降低 16%
确保前 100 位供应商（按采购金额计）在 2025 年之前设定碳减排目标
联想集团
近期科学碳目标：1.5°C（已获认证） 净零排放目标：2049/2050 财年（已获认证） 到 2029/2030 财年，在 2018/2019 基准财年的基础上，将可比已售产品使用环节产生的范围 3 温室气体排放量（价值链）平均减少约 35%
到 2025/2026 财年，90% 的全球运营用电来自可再生能源 移动业务集团 (MBG) 产品：到 2030 年 3 月 31 日，将可比 MBG 产品的能效较 2020/2021 财年平均提高 30%。
联发科技
近期科学碳目标：已承诺 净零排放目标：已承诺
到 2030 年，联发科技的所有办公室均 100% 使用可再生能源
近期科学碳目标：已承诺 到 2050 年，实现全球运营碳中和
中磊电子
近期科学碳目标：1.5°C（已获认证）
小米
最迟不晚于 2030 年，将智能手机、物联网 (IoT) 及生活消费品、互联网服务等主要业务板块的温室气体排放量降低至 2021 年水平的 30%。 到 2040 年，在智能手机、物联网 (IoT) 及生活消费品、互联网服务等现有业务板块的运营中实现碳中和
到 2035 年，在自有运营中 100% 使用可再生电力 到 2040 年，在自有运营中 100% 使用清洁热能，且 100% 使用可再生能源
中兴通讯
网络设施和设备制造商
注：上述分析基于截至 2025 年 4 月的公开信息做出。 资料来源：GSMA 基于科学碳目标倡议 (SBTi)、企业可持续发展报告和公司网站做出的分析
